The Impact of 5G on Business Models for Mobile Operators in Emerging Markets
Main Article Content
Keywords
5G, Business Models, Emerging Markets, Impacting Factors, Mobile Operators
Abstract
The advent of 5G wireless technologies has created new opportunities and challenges for mobile operators in emerging markets. However, the disruptive nature of 5G networks is likely to transform existing value chains and impact the current mobile operator-centric ecosystem, rendering traditional business models inadequate. The introduction of 5G networks therefore requires the adoption of new business models or the reconfiguration of existing ones to ensure that mobile operators can achieve both economic value and technological innovation in a sustainable way. This study investigates the factors that impact business models of mobile operators in emerging markets as a result of 5G deployment. The study was conducted using the qualitative research method by adopting an interpretivist research philosophy. Primary data was collected inductively through a case study approach with 10 semi-structured online interviews conducted in 8 emerging markets in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. The results show that when 5G is commercially deployed, several aspects, including internal, external and hybrid factors impact the business models of mobile operators.
References
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Ahokangas, P., Matinmikko-Blue, M., Yrjölä, S., Seppänen, V., Hämmäinen, H., Jurva, R., & Latva-aho, M. (2019). Business models for local 5G micro operators. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 5(3), 730-740.
Ajayi, V. O. (2017). Primary sources of data and secondary sources of data. Benue State University, 1(1), 1-6.
Aranda, J., Sacoto Cabrera, E. J., Haro Mendoza, E. D., & Astudillo Salinas, F. (2021). 5G networks: A review from the perspectives of architecture, business models, cybersecurity, and research developments. Novasinergia, 4.
Babbie, E. R. (2020). The practice of social research: Cengage learning.
Banda, L. (2025). Analysis of 5G business model components for mobile network operators in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, 4(2), 1-10. doi:10.55708/js0402001
Banda, L., Mzyece, M., & Mekuria, F. (2022). 5G Business Models for Mobile Network Operators - A Survey. IEEE Access, 10(1), 94851-94886.
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2022). Business research methods: Oxford university press.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health, 11(4), 589-597.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Davey, L., & Jenkinson, E. (2023). Doing reflexive thematic analysis. In Supporting research in counselling and psychotherapy: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research (pp. 19-38): Springer.
Campbell, K., Diffley, J., Flanagan, B., Morelli, B., O’Neil, B., & Sideco, F. (2017). The 5G economy: How 5G technology will contribute to the global economy. IHS Economics and IHS Technology, 4, 16.
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Dhir, S., Ongsakul, V., Ahmed, Z. U., & Rajan, R. (2020). Integration of knowledge and enhancing competitiveness: A case of acquisition of Zain by Bharti Airtel. Journal of Business Research, 119, 674-684.
DotEcon, & Axon. (2018). Study on Implications of 5G Deployment on Future Business Models. Retrieved from https://berec.europa.eu/eng/document_register/subject_matter/berec/download/0/8008-study-on-implications-of-5g-deployment-o_0.pdf
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Elaluf-Calderwood, S. (2024). 5G Telecom Infrastructure Investment in Technology Emergent Markets: An Economic Revision for Vendor Partners Selection. Paper presented at the TPRC Conference Proceedings.
Flaherty, E., Sturm, T., & Farries, E. (2022). The conspiracy of Covid-19 and 5G: Spatial analysis fallacies in the age of data democratization. Social science & medicine, 293, 114546.
Forge, S., & Vu, K. (2020). Forming a 5G strategy for developing countries: A note for policy makers. Telecommunications Policy, 44(7), 101975.
Frank, H., Colman-Meixner, C., Assis, K. D. R., Yan, S., & Simeonidou, D. (2022). Techno-economic analysis of 5G non-public network architectures. IEEE Access, 10, 70204-70218.
Garba, I. M., Oshiga, O., & Moriki, L. B. (2022). Deployment, Standardization and Regulatory Challenges Of 5G Services In Africa: Nigeria As A Case Study. Paper presented at the 2022 IEEE Nigeria 4th International Conference on Disruptive Technologies for Sustainable Development (NIGERCON), Lagos, Nigeria.
Gepko, I. (2023). 5G Rollout Challenges and Opportunities for Frontier and Emerging Markets. Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, 66(3), 105-122.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research: Routledge.
GSMA. (2016). 5g spectrum-public policy position. GSM Assoc., London, UK, Tech. Rep.
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Gupta, K. P. (2024). Understanding the challenges of 5G deployment in India. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 26(1), 1-17.
Handforth, C. (2019). Closing the coverage gap: How innovation can drive rural connectivity. GSMA Connected Society (GSMA). Retrieved from https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/resources/closing-the-coverage-gap-how-innovation-can-drive-rural-connectivity/
Hatt, T., & Jarich, P. (2020). Global Mobile Trends 2021. Navigating COVID-19 and beyond. Retrieved from https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/api-web/v2/research-file-download?id=58621970&file=141220-Global-Mobile-Trends.pdf
Iankova, S., Davies, I., Archer-Brown, C., Marder, B., & Yau, A. (2019). A comparison of social media marketing between B2B, B2C and mixed business models. Industrial Marketing Management, 81, 169-179.
Indoria, S. (2020). Deployment of 5G networks challenges for developing countries. Paper presented at the ICT Analysis and Applications: Proceedings of ICT4SD 2019, Volume 2.
ITU-R. (2015). IMT Vision – Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond. Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-2083
Jain, S. C. (2006). Emerging economies and the transformation of international business: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICs): Edward Elgar Publishing.
Kaseke, N., & Hosking, S. G. (2013). Sub-Saharan Africa electricity supply inadequacy: implications. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 29(2), 113-132.
Krueger, R. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research: Sage publications.
Liu, G., Huang, Y., Chen, Z., Liu, L., Wang, Q., & Li, N. (2020). 5G deployment: Standalone vs. non-standalone from the operator perspective. IEEE Communications Magazine, 58(11), 83-89.
LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2017). Nursing research-e-book: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice: Elsevier Health Sciences.
López-Pérez, D., De Domenico, A., Piovesan, N., Xinli, G., Bao, H., Qitao, S., & Debbah, M. (2022). A Survey on 5G Radio Access Network Energy Efficiency: Massive MIMO, Lean Carrier Design, Sleep Modes, and Machine Learning. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials, 24(1), 653-697.
Maluleke, H., Bagula, A., Ajayi, O., & Chiaraviglio, L. (2022). An economic feasibility model for sustainable 5G networks in rural dwellings of south Africa. Sustainability, 14(19), 12153.
Mekuria, F., & Mfupe, L. (2019). Spectrum sharing for unlicensed 5G networks. Paper presented at the 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).
Mishra, A. R. (2018). Fundamentals of network planning and optimisation 2G/3G/4G: evolution to 5G: John Wiley & Sons.
Moreno-Cardenas, E., Moreno, Y., & Barrial-Lujan, A. I. (2024). Strategic design of a business model for providing services over the 5G network in Peru. Administrative Sciences, 14(3), 55.
Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International journal of qualitative methods, 1(2), 13-22.
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. Strides in development of medical education, 14(3).
Okeleke, K., George, D., & Obiodu, E. (2019). 5G in Sub-Saharan africa: Laying the foundations. Retrieved from https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/research/research/research-2019/5g-in-sub-saharan-africa-laying-the-foundations
Okeleke, K., & Joiner, J. (2023). 5G in Africa 2023 Market status, trends and outlook. Retrieved from https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/research/research/research-2023/5g-in-africa-2023-market-status-trends-and-outlook
Okeleke, K., Joiner, J., & Kolta, E. (2022). 5G in Africa: realising the potential. Retrieved from https://event-assets.gsma.com/pdf/5G-in-Africa.pdf
Oughton, E. J., & Lehr, W. (2022). Surveying 5G techno-economic research to inform the evaluation of 6G wireless technologies. IEEE Access, 10, 25237-25257.
Oughton, E. J., Lehr, W., Katsaros, K., Selinis, I., Bubley, D., & Kusuma, J. (2021). Revisiting wireless internet connectivity: 5G vs Wi-Fi 6. Telecommunications Policy, 45(5), 102127.
Pandian, A. P. D., Lindgren, P., & Mihovska, A. D. (2023). Functioning Green Business Models For 6G Networking Technology By Epistemological Qualitative Research Method. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(1S), 6342-6348.
Radovanović, D., Holst, C., Belur, S. B., Srivastava, R., Houngbonon, G. V., Le Quentrec, E., and Noll, J. (2020). Digital literacy key performance indicators for sustainable development. Social inclusion, 8(2), 151-167.
Rao, S. K., & Prasad, R. (2016). Telecom Operators’ Business Model Innovation in a 5G World. Journal of Multi Business Model Innovation and Technology, 4(3), 149-178.
Rao, S. K., & Prasad, R. (2018). Impact of 5G technologies on smart city implementation. Wireless personal communications, 100(1), 161-176.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (8th Ed.): Pearson.
Schneir, J. R., Ajibulu, A., Konstantinou, K., Bradford, J., Zimmermann, G., Droste, H., & Canto, R. (2019). A business case for 5G mobile broadband in a dense urban area. Telecommunications Policy, 43(7), 101813.
Shankar, V., & Narang, U. (2020). Emerging market innovations: Unique and differential drivers, practitioner implications, and research agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 1030-1052.
Sirotkin, S. (2020). 5G Radio Access Network Architecture: The Dark Side of 5G: John Wiley & Sons.
Suryanegara, M. (2016). 5G as disruptive innovation: standard and regulatory challenges at a country level. International Journal of Technology, 7(4), 635-642.
Taheribakhsh, M., Jafari, A., Peiro, M. M., & Kazemifard, N. (2020). 5g implementation: Major issues and challenges. Paper presented at the 2020 25th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran (CSICC).
World Bank Group. (2024). Global Economic Prospects, June 2024: World Bank Publications.
Yrjölä, S., Ahokangas, P., & Matinmikko-Blue, M. (2018). Novel context and platform driven business models via 5G networks. Paper presented at the 2018 IEEE 29th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC).
Agubor, C. K., Chukwuchekwa, N., & Ezema, L. S. (2021). 5G Network Deployment in Nigeria: Key Challenges and The Way Forward. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research, 6(3), 16-19.
Ahmad, I. A. I., Dawodu, S. O., Osasona, F., Akagha, O. V., Anyanwu, A. C., & Onwusinkwue, S. (2024). 5G deployment strategies: Challenges and opportunities: A comparative review for Africa and the USA. World Journal Of Advanced Research And Reviews, 21(1), 2428-2439.
Ahokangas, P., Aagaard, A., Atkova, I., Yrjölä, S., & Matinmikko-Blue, M. (2023). Business models in 5G/6G mobile communications. In The Changing World of Mobile Communications: 5G, 6G and the Future of Digital Services (pp. 137-165): Springer International Publishing Cham.
Ahokangas, P., Matinmikko-Blue, M., Yrjölä, S., Seppänen, V., Hämmäinen, H., Jurva, R., & Latva-aho, M. (2019). Business models for local 5G micro operators. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 5(3), 730-740.
Ajayi, V. O. (2017). Primary sources of data and secondary sources of data. Benue State University, 1(1), 1-6.
Aranda, J., Sacoto Cabrera, E. J., Haro Mendoza, E. D., & Astudillo Salinas, F. (2021). 5G networks: A review from the perspectives of architecture, business models, cybersecurity, and research developments. Novasinergia, 4.
Babbie, E. R. (2020). The practice of social research: Cengage learning.
Banda, L. (2025). Analysis of 5G business model components for mobile network operators in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, 4(2), 1-10. doi:10.55708/js0402001
Banda, L., Mzyece, M., & Mekuria, F. (2022). 5G Business Models for Mobile Network Operators - A Survey. IEEE Access, 10(1), 94851-94886.
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2022). Business research methods: Oxford university press.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health, 11(4), 589-597.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Davey, L., & Jenkinson, E. (2023). Doing reflexive thematic analysis. In Supporting research in counselling and psychotherapy: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research (pp. 19-38): Springer.
Campbell, K., Diffley, J., Flanagan, B., Morelli, B., O’Neil, B., & Sideco, F. (2017). The 5G economy: How 5G technology will contribute to the global economy. IHS Economics and IHS Technology, 4, 16.
Camps-Aragó, P., Delaere, S., & Ballon, P. (2019). 5G business models: Evolving mobile network operator roles in new ecosystems. Paper presented at the 2019 CTTE-FITCE: Smart Cities & Information and Communication Technology (CTTE-FITCE).
Chochliouros, I. P., Kostopoulos, A., Spiliopoulou, A. S., Dardamanis, A., Neokosmidis, I., Rokkas, T., & Goratti, L. (2017). Business and market perspectives in 5G networks. Paper presented at the 2017 Internet of Things Business Models, Users, and Networks.
Coetzee, W., Mekuria, F., & du Toit, Z. (2018). Making 5G a reality for Africa. Retrieved from https://www.ericsson.com/assets/local/press-releases/africa/2018/5g-africa-report-11-2018.pdf
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.): Sage publications.
Dhir, S., Ongsakul, V., Ahmed, Z. U., & Rajan, R. (2020). Integration of knowledge and enhancing competitiveness: A case of acquisition of Zain by Bharti Airtel. Journal of Business Research, 119, 674-684.
DotEcon, & Axon. (2018). Study on Implications of 5G Deployment on Future Business Models. Retrieved from https://berec.europa.eu/eng/document_register/subject_matter/berec/download/0/8008-study-on-implications-of-5g-deployment-o_0.pdf
El Rhayour, A., & Mazri, T. (2019). 5G Architecture: Deployment scenarios and options. Paper presented at the 2019 International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies (ISAECT).
Elaluf-Calderwood, S. (2024). 5G Telecom Infrastructure Investment in Technology Emergent Markets: An Economic Revision for Vendor Partners Selection. Paper presented at the TPRC Conference Proceedings.
Flaherty, E., Sturm, T., & Farries, E. (2022). The conspiracy of Covid-19 and 5G: Spatial analysis fallacies in the age of data democratization. Social science & medicine, 293, 114546.
Forge, S., & Vu, K. (2020). Forming a 5G strategy for developing countries: A note for policy makers. Telecommunications Policy, 44(7), 101975.
Frank, H., Colman-Meixner, C., Assis, K. D. R., Yan, S., & Simeonidou, D. (2022). Techno-economic analysis of 5G non-public network architectures. IEEE Access, 10, 70204-70218.
Garba, I. M., Oshiga, O., & Moriki, L. B. (2022). Deployment, Standardization and Regulatory Challenges Of 5G Services In Africa: Nigeria As A Case Study. Paper presented at the 2022 IEEE Nigeria 4th International Conference on Disruptive Technologies for Sustainable Development (NIGERCON), Lagos, Nigeria.
Gepko, I. (2023). 5G Rollout Challenges and Opportunities for Frontier and Emerging Markets. Radioelectronics and Communications Systems, 66(3), 105-122.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research: Routledge.
GSMA. (2016). 5g spectrum-public policy position. GSM Assoc., London, UK, Tech. Rep.
GSMA. (2019). The 5G guide a reference for operators. Retrieved from https://www.gsma.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/The-5G-Guide_GSMA_2019_04_29_compressed.pdf
GSMA. (2023). The Mobile Economy: Sub-Saharan Africa 2023. Retrieved from https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/20231017-GSMA-Mobile-Economy-Sub-Saharan-Africa-report.pdf
GSMA. (2024). The Mobile Economy Sub Saharan Africa 2024. Retrieved from https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/260224-The-Mobile-Economy-2024.pdf
Gupta, K. P. (2024). Understanding the challenges of 5G deployment in India. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 26(1), 1-17.
Handforth, C. (2019). Closing the coverage gap: How innovation can drive rural connectivity. GSMA Connected Society (GSMA). Retrieved from https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/resources/closing-the-coverage-gap-how-innovation-can-drive-rural-connectivity/
Hatt, T., & Jarich, P. (2020). Global Mobile Trends 2021. Navigating COVID-19 and beyond. Retrieved from https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/api-web/v2/research-file-download?id=58621970&file=141220-Global-Mobile-Trends.pdf
Iankova, S., Davies, I., Archer-Brown, C., Marder, B., & Yau, A. (2019). A comparison of social media marketing between B2B, B2C and mixed business models. Industrial Marketing Management, 81, 169-179.
Indoria, S. (2020). Deployment of 5G networks challenges for developing countries. Paper presented at the ICT Analysis and Applications: Proceedings of ICT4SD 2019, Volume 2.
ITU-R. (2015). IMT Vision – Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond. Retrieved from https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-2083
Jain, S. C. (2006). Emerging economies and the transformation of international business: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICs): Edward Elgar Publishing.
Kaseke, N., & Hosking, S. G. (2013). Sub-Saharan Africa electricity supply inadequacy: implications. Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 29(2), 113-132.
Krueger, R. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research: Sage publications.
Liu, G., Huang, Y., Chen, Z., Liu, L., Wang, Q., & Li, N. (2020). 5G deployment: Standalone vs. non-standalone from the operator perspective. IEEE Communications Magazine, 58(11), 83-89.
LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2017). Nursing research-e-book: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice: Elsevier Health Sciences.
López-Pérez, D., De Domenico, A., Piovesan, N., Xinli, G., Bao, H., Qitao, S., & Debbah, M. (2022). A Survey on 5G Radio Access Network Energy Efficiency: Massive MIMO, Lean Carrier Design, Sleep Modes, and Machine Learning. IEEE communications surveys & tutorials, 24(1), 653-697.
Maluleke, H., Bagula, A., Ajayi, O., & Chiaraviglio, L. (2022). An economic feasibility model for sustainable 5G networks in rural dwellings of south Africa. Sustainability, 14(19), 12153.
Mekuria, F., & Mfupe, L. (2019). Spectrum sharing for unlicensed 5G networks. Paper presented at the 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC).
Mishra, A. R. (2018). Fundamentals of network planning and optimisation 2G/3G/4G: evolution to 5G: John Wiley & Sons.
Moreno-Cardenas, E., Moreno, Y., & Barrial-Lujan, A. I. (2024). Strategic design of a business model for providing services over the 5G network in Peru. Administrative Sciences, 14(3), 55.
Morse, J. M., Barrett, M., Mayan, M., Olson, K., & Spiers, J. (2002). Verification strategies for establishing reliability and validity in qualitative research. International journal of qualitative methods, 1(2), 13-22.
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. Strides in development of medical education, 14(3).
Okeleke, K., George, D., & Obiodu, E. (2019). 5G in Sub-Saharan africa: Laying the foundations. Retrieved from https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/research/research/research-2019/5g-in-sub-saharan-africa-laying-the-foundations
Okeleke, K., & Joiner, J. (2023). 5G in Africa 2023 Market status, trends and outlook. Retrieved from https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/research/research/research-2023/5g-in-africa-2023-market-status-trends-and-outlook
Okeleke, K., Joiner, J., & Kolta, E. (2022). 5G in Africa: realising the potential. Retrieved from https://event-assets.gsma.com/pdf/5G-in-Africa.pdf
Oughton, E. J., & Lehr, W. (2022). Surveying 5G techno-economic research to inform the evaluation of 6G wireless technologies. IEEE Access, 10, 25237-25257.
Oughton, E. J., Lehr, W., Katsaros, K., Selinis, I., Bubley, D., & Kusuma, J. (2021). Revisiting wireless internet connectivity: 5G vs Wi-Fi 6. Telecommunications Policy, 45(5), 102127.
Pandian, A. P. D., Lindgren, P., & Mihovska, A. D. (2023). Functioning Green Business Models For 6G Networking Technology By Epistemological Qualitative Research Method. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 10(1S), 6342-6348.
Radovanović, D., Holst, C., Belur, S. B., Srivastava, R., Houngbonon, G. V., Le Quentrec, E., and Noll, J. (2020). Digital literacy key performance indicators for sustainable development. Social inclusion, 8(2), 151-167.
Rao, S. K., & Prasad, R. (2016). Telecom Operators’ Business Model Innovation in a 5G World. Journal of Multi Business Model Innovation and Technology, 4(3), 149-178.
Rao, S. K., & Prasad, R. (2018). Impact of 5G technologies on smart city implementation. Wireless personal communications, 100(1), 161-176.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research methods for business students (8th Ed.): Pearson.
Schneir, J. R., Ajibulu, A., Konstantinou, K., Bradford, J., Zimmermann, G., Droste, H., & Canto, R. (2019). A business case for 5G mobile broadband in a dense urban area. Telecommunications Policy, 43(7), 101813.
Shankar, V., & Narang, U. (2020). Emerging market innovations: Unique and differential drivers, practitioner implications, and research agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 1030-1052.
Sirotkin, S. (2020). 5G Radio Access Network Architecture: The Dark Side of 5G: John Wiley & Sons.
Suryanegara, M. (2016). 5G as disruptive innovation: standard and regulatory challenges at a country level. International Journal of Technology, 7(4), 635-642.
Taheribakhsh, M., Jafari, A., Peiro, M. M., & Kazemifard, N. (2020). 5g implementation: Major issues and challenges. Paper presented at the 2020 25th International Computer Conference, Computer Society of Iran (CSICC).
World Bank Group. (2024). Global Economic Prospects, June 2024: World Bank Publications.
Yrjölä, S., Ahokangas, P., & Matinmikko-Blue, M. (2018). Novel context and platform driven business models via 5G networks. Paper presented at the 2018 IEEE 29th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC).
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2025-10-15
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Banda, L., & Feukeu, E. A. . (2025). The Impact of 5G on Business Models for Mobile Operators in Emerging Markets. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 13(3), 71-105. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v13n3.1230
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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How to Cite
Banda, L., & Feukeu, E. A. . (2025). The Impact of 5G on Business Models for Mobile Operators in Emerging Markets. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy, 13(3), 71-105. https://doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v13n3.1230
